On 28 July in the evening hours, Iran launched a surprise missile attack against American forces in Jordan, ending a five-day mutual pause on direct attacks. During the lull, Iranian partners in Yemen and Iraq launched strikes against Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Israel. In response, the United States (U.S.) and Saudi Arabia carried out joint air strikes on sites belonging to Iran-backed militia groups across Iraq, including targets in Baghdad, Nineveh, Diyala, Karbala, Kirkuk, Basra, and Wasit, reportedly killing 20.
- Global Guardian maintains that firms should reconsider non-essential travel to the region.
- A resumption of Iranian strikes on infrastructure in the region is possible. This could include the targeting of airports, hotels, power plants, desalination plants, and petroleum facilities across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states.